123 page Veterinary PRIMATE TAXONOMY Presentation CD

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Contains the following key public domain (not copyrighted) U.S. Government publication(s) on one CD-ROM in both Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Acrobat PDF file formats:

TITLE:

Comprehensive Non-human Primate Taxonomy, 2005, 123 pages

SLIDE TOPICS, SUBTOPICS and CONTENTS:

Comprehensive Non-human Primate Taxonomy Need sifaka alarm call, lemur call, ruffed lemur call, bushbaby? Zaboomafoon! Treefrog tarsier Monkeychimp pigtail NHP Taxonomy Infraorders: “-iformes” Superfamilies: “-oidea” Family names: “-idea” Subfamily names: “-inae” NOT a Primate! Treeshrews Order Scandentia Family Tupiiadae Similar structural characteristics They are not primates! NHP Taxonomy NHP Taxonomy Prosimii: Characteristics Wet patch of skin around nostrils, attached to upper lip Tapetum lucidum: nocturnal High sense of smell Smaller brain cases Open eye sockets Mobile mandibular symphysis Prosimii: Characteristics Dental Comb—lower incisors Sublingula—used for cleaning debris off dental comb Prosimii: Characteristics Toilet claw: on 2nd digit of each hand All other fingers have nails, not claws Prosimiian Infraorders Lorisformes: Lorises, Pottos, Bush Babies Lemuriformes: Dwarf lemurs, Sportive lemurs, Lemurs, Bamboo lemurs, Indris, Sifakas, Aye-ayes Lorisiformes: Loridae Lorises & Pottos Slow quadrupedal locomotion: do not leap Short tails, smaller ears, longer bodies than bush babies Powerful grasp Used in leukemia research Lorises Lorises Pottos Coastal West Africa Central Africa Lorisiformes: Galagonidae Name derived from vocalizations Only in continental Africa Slender bodies, long bushy tails, large mobile ears Bush Babies Hind limbs longer than forelimbs Great leapers! 4 recognized species Bush Babies Males: baculum Females: imperforate uterus Bush Babies Lemuirformes: Five Families All found on Madagascar All are endangered Little to no sexual dimorphism in body size and weight Have tapetum lucidum, though many lemurs are diurnal For those in social groups, females are dominant to males Lemuriformes: Cheirogaleidae Dwarf Lemurs Small nocturnal lemurs 4 genera Cheirogaleus spp. Is the only known primate to hiberate for long periods of time Dwarf Lemurs Dwarf Lemurs The pygmy mouse lemur is the smallest living primate Weighs a little over one ounce! Dwarf Lemurs Move very rapidly Nocturnal and arboreal Females eat first, followed behind by the males Lemuriformes: Megaladapidae Sportive Lemurs Used to be Lepimuridae Leaf-eating, territorial, nocturnal Sportive Lemurs Adult sportive lemurs lose their upper incisors I 0/2 C 1/1 PM 3/3 M 3/3 x 2 = 32 teeth Lemuriformes: Lemuridae 4 genera Ringtail most well-known Ringtail female receptive only once a year! Several species are cathemeral (active part of day and part of night) Bamboo lemurs: bamboo diet Lemurs Ringtails are quadrupeds and spend more time on the ground than other lemurs Lemurs Ruffed Lemurs are the largest true lemur Loud alarm bark Lemurs Ruffed Lemur are the only large lemur to produce multiple offspring in a litter Lemuriformes: Indridae Three genera: Avahi, Propithecus, Indri Largest of the prosimians Strictly arboreal leapers Foregut fermenters Alarm call of sifakas Indris Largest of all living lemurs: 24 inches head & body length Shortest tail Lemuriformes: Daubentoniidae Aka the Rodent Lemur Only one species Large brain to body ratio Speciliazed teeth gnaw wood Largest nocturnal primate Aye aye Aye ayes have an elongated , specialized third finger Tarsiodea: Characteristics Assigned to one infraorder: Tarsiformes Only 2 incisors in lower jaw Named for elongated tarsal bones Hunt all night: faunivorous Found in Indonesia, Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra Tarsioidea Like prosimians nocturnal have grooming claws (3rd toe) bicornuate uterus Like anthropoids no tapetum closed eye sockets sex skin tumescence Tarsiers Long, partly hairless tail Each eye is larger than the entire brain Rotate head 180 degrees each direction Anthropoidea: Characteristics Descended from the same distant ancestor NO grooming claw, tooth comb, or tapetum Solid (fused) mandible Rely more on sight than smell Stereoscopic color vision Hind and forelimbs equal length Anthropoid Skull and Eye With a vertical eye, the post-orbital septum is needed to keep the temporalis lateral to the eye and prevent distortion of the eyeball Two Infraorders: Platyrrhini and Catarrhini Platyrrhines Broad flat nose Origins in South and Central America Flat nose with lateral nares Catarrhines Origins in Africa and Asia Narrow nostrils that face downward Skull Differences Platyrrhines: New World Monkeys NO cheek pouches NO ischial callosities Thumb is semi-opposable or not at all Tympanic bullae formed by expandable middle ear Require Vitamin D3 Have 3 PM teeth Catarrhines: Old World Monkeys and Apes Have external auditory meatus Do not require Vitamin D3 No prehensile tails Some have ischial callosities All have opposable thumbs Have 2 PM teeth Some have cheek pouches Platyrrihini: Two Families Callitrichidae -South & Central America -4 genera -Highly territorial -No prehensile tail -Thumb not opposable, but hallux is Cebidae -South & Central America -All have flattened nails -All have long tails, except uakaris -Prehensile tails in Ateles, Brachyteles, Lagothrix, and Allouatta Callitrichidae: Social Structure One male: one female or Multimale: multifemale Only dominant female breeds (eusocialism) Ovulation suppressed in subordinate females Parental care shared by both sexes Have the highest reproductive capacity Callitrichidae: Reproduction Twins Chimerism is common Gestation = 140 days Fertile post-partum estrus Estrus cycle = 14-18 days Callitrichidae: Marmosets & Tamarins House separately from squirrel monkeys Arboreal Nest box required Omnivorous and diurnal Humidity > 50% Whistles and peeps Callitrichidae: Marmosets vs. Tamarins Marmosets V shaped jaw Caniniform incisors Little sexual dimorphism Live in larger groups Marmosets: posterior presentation 2N = 44 or 46 Tamarins U shaped jaw Long tusked Spatulate incisors and long canines 2N = 46 Marmosets Pygmy marmoset is the smallest neotropical primate 1 male: 1 female Can leap up to 5 meters Used to be genus Cebuella (changed 1989) Marmosets Common Marmoset Most important one in medical research Oncogenic studies with oncogenic viruses (Herpes samairii, Herpes ateles and Epstein Barr virus) Tamarins Tamarins Mustached Tamarin Most widely used tamarin Hepatitis A studies Tamarins Cotton-topped Tamarin aka the Pinche Endangered Animal model for colon cancer Tamarins Golden Lion Tamarin One of the few primates to have been reintroduced to it natural habitat from captivity Do not eat exudates TAKE A BREAK!! Cebidae: Characteristics Have 3 PM teeth, larger body, greater weight All have flattened nails Require D3 instead of D2 in diet Estrus not visible externally All have long tails, except the uakaris Six subfamilies The Prehensile Tail Cebids with truly prehensile tails include Ateles, Brachyteles, Lagothrix, and Allouatta Cebus: semi-prehensile and no tactile pad Cebids: Aotinae Owl monkeys Form permanent pairs Only nocturnal higher primates Large eyes 50x more rods v. cones, so color vision is limited Must determine phenotype and karyotype before breeding Cebids: Aotinae Uses in research: Malaria Very susceptible to Plasmodium falciparum Ophthalmology Herpes Trachoma Hepatitis A Glomerulosclerosis Cebids: Callicebinae Titi monkeys Thick, fluffy fur Small canine teeth Short face Long tail Diurnal, frugivorous, monogamous Cebids: Callicebinae Hypercholesterol-emia Develop a ketosis-like syndrome with anorexia, fatty liver, and ketonuria High mortality rate in captivity Cebids: Cebinae Capuchins and Squirrel Monkeys Two genera: Cebus and Saimiri Capuchins have semi-prehensile tail Intelligent, tool use Pets, entertainment Cebinae: Capuchins Used to study gout; have high blood and urine uric acid concentration Herpes hominis II Vaginal adenocarcinoma Cebinae: Squirrel Monkeys Seasonal breeders Only cebid to show aunting behavior Highest NHP that is lissencephalic Prehensile tail in infancy May spread herpes to other NWPs Cebinae: Squirrel Monkeys High tolerance for stress Space program Neuroanatomy, behavioral, atherosclerosis, cholesterol research Cholelithiasis Gilbert’s disease Cebids: Pithecinae Cebids: Alouattinae One genus: Alouatta Have a prehensile, tactile tail Low energy diets Largest of the NWP Cebids: Alouattinae Territorial vocalizations gives species its common name Enlarged hyoid bone Cebids: Atelinae Spider and Wooly monkeys Spiders Long shaggy hair Thumb reduced or absent Cebids: Atelinae Short dense fur Prehensile, tactile tail Thumb not opposable Used for cholesterol metabolism, atherosclerosis, gout Cebids: Atelinae Wooly Spiders Have no thumb Catarrhines Two superfamilies Cercopithecoidea (Old World Primates-OWPs) Hominoidea (Lesser and Great Apes) OWPs: Cercopithecidae Two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae (Cheek pouch monkeys) Colobinae (Leaf eating monkeys) Of particular research significance are the cercopithecines (macaques, baboons, mandrills, drills, mangabeys, Patas monkeys, African green monkeys, guenons) OWPs: Characteristics Most have ischial callosities Hind limbs > forelimbs Tail (when present) NOT prehensile Opposable thumbs Flattened nails on all digits Females menstruate Nose and palate are NARROW Cercopithecinae: Macaques Found in more climates and habitats than any other primate Adaptable frugivores Most common monkey used in biomedical research Ears are generally bare, pointed, protruding Terrestrial and arboreal Cercopithecinae: Macaques Muzzle is moderately prognathous Cheek pouches well-developed Ischial callosities are prominent Considerable sexual dimorphism in canine teeth and body size/weight Life span > 30 years Sex skin tumescence: mid point Cercopithecinae: Macaques Four species groups based on the anatomy of the male and female genitalia Sylvanus Group Fascicularis Group Sinica Group Arctoides Group Sylvanus group Sylvanus group Fascicularis group Fascicularis group Fascicularis group Sinica Group Arctoides Group Macaques in Research M. mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. radiata, M. nigra, M. nemestrina, M. arctoides Physiology, hematology, reproduction, cardiovascular, infectious disease, and behavioral research Vaccine development Drug testing Cercopithecinae: Baboons Largest and most terrestrial of the cercopithecines Dog-like bodies and muzzles Front legs longer than rear legs Multi-male, multi-female groups Grooming of great importance Cercopithecinae: Baboons Cercopithecinae: Baboons Cercopithecinae: Gelada Baboons Graminivorous—grass-dominated diet Hourglass-shaped area of naked, bright pink skin on upper chest Males have a “cape” Cercopithecinae: Baboons Uses in Research Dentistry and Medicine Immunololgy Reproduction Cardiovascular and Transplantation research Cercopithecinae: Drills Cercopithicinae: Mandrills Cercopithecinae: Mangabeys Two Genera: Cercocebus and Lophocebus Flat callosities between buttocks Less aggressive than macaques or baboons Neurobiological and cardiovascular studies Cercopithecinae: Guenons Allenopithecus, Miopithecus, and Erythrocebus closely related to Cercopitchecus (guenons) Cercopithecinae: Guenons Guenons have the largest number, are the most colorful, are the most varied (7 groups) Africa Cercopithecinae: Patas Monkeys Referred to as red monkeys, military monkeys, nienas, and hussar monkeys Ground living Fast runners Males: blue scrotum Cercopithecinae: Patas Monkeys Nose spot changes from black to white during growth, pregnancy, and lactation Used mainly in infectious disease research Cercopithecinae: African green monkeys Chlorocebus was separated from Ceropithecus Only one species Multimale,multi-female groups Strong dominance heirarchy Cercopithecinae: African green monkeys Used in: Physiological Neurological Immunological Cardiovascular Colobinae Leaf eating monkeys Generally large monkeys with long tails and unusual noses Short thumbs; some Colobus have no thumbs Foregut fermenters: all colobines have a complex, sacculated stomach with cellulose digesting bacteria NO cheek pouches! Colobinae: Colobus monkeys Colobinae: Langurs Colobinae: Langurs Colobinae: Langurs Colobinae: Langurs Colobinae: Snub-Nosed Monkeys Colobinae: Proboscis Hominoidea: Apes All NHP members have restricted ranges in either SE Asia or central Africa No tail More upright posture and broad chest Rely more on vision than smell Short, broad nose (not a snout) Hominoidea: Apes Larger brain relative to body size Neurological complexity: longer gestations, lengthy maturation Three families Hylobatidae Pongidae Homnidae Hylobatidae: Gibbons and Siamangs 4 subgenera All gibbons have long arms with hooklike fingers specialized for brachiation Monogamous, arboreal Ischial callosities Hylobatidae: Siamangs Largest of the hylobatids Includes leaves in diet Have a throat sac which is inflated when they make their great call Pongidae and Homnidae Larger bodies and bigger brains than other primates Less arboreal, more terrestrial Great apes build nests Self recognition in a mirror NO ischial callosities Pongidae: Orangutans More arboreal and solitary than other apes Live in trees Using grasping hands, suspend from tree to feed Laryngeal air sacs extend under arms and over shoulders in males Pongidae: Orangutans Adult females travel with offspring Adult males only interact with adult females Males travel on ground more than females Homnidae: Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Humans Closest relatives: we share 98.4% of our DNA with chimps Chimps will hunt and eat other species of NHPs Chimps will stalk and kill other chimps; practice infanticide Homnidae: Gorillas & Chimps Homnids walk quadrupedally, using knuckles to carry weight Homnidae: Bonobo Chimps Travel in mixed gender foraging groups Less likely to interact aggressively with neighboring groups Strong female-female associations Homnidae: Chimpanzees Tools are widely used by chimps; not seen as much with bonobos and gorillas Chimps have 34 vocalizations that humans can recognize Homnidae: Chimpanzee Uses in research: Behavioral Infectious disease Hepatitis AIDS References Rowe, N. The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, 1996 Pogonia Press Previous LAM Seminar Handouts created by CPT Sarah Bro Hinds Dr. John Parrish (2000) and MAJ Jim Sheets (1999) Websites: http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/ http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/ http://www.primate.wisc.edu http://www.abdn.ac.uk